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The most common and interesting lipidic carriers are liposomes. Their ability to improve the active and passive targeting mechanisms is of importance for exploring new disease targets. However, they have emerged as interesting nanosystems for delivering bioactive molecules to the target tissues. The biocompatibility and biodegradability due to their lipidic nature are advantageous properties, among others, like high ability entrapment of bioactive molecules with different solubilities. Lipidic nanocarriers are considered the most beneficial and promising technological platforms for encapsulating bioactive molecules. Pharmaceutical industry follows the same path, investing in the bioactive molecule development, in pharmaceutical nanotechnology point of view. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology research aims in the development of new medicines based on bioactive molecule delivery with nanosystems and in geometric increase of medicines that are currently in clinical studies. The pharmaceutical scientists have a great advantage when they try to understand the behavior of these nanosystems in a technological point of view and by correlating their functionality with the living organisms as well. In this chapter, the most important nanotechnological drug delivery systems will be studied, starting from their technological development in the laboratory to their clinical use regarding their biophysics, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. These systems are known as theranostics (diagnostic-therapeutic products) (see Chap. Furthermore, new scientific studies combine nanosystem application for simultaneous disease treatment and monitoring disease progression, helping the clinical doctor to get the most accurate diagnosis. Nanotechnological systems are used as bioactive molecules’ delivery systems for therapeutic purposes and for tissue imaging. Vaccines based on nanoparticles such as liposomes are an emerging technology and liposomes seem to meet the requirement criteria of adjuvanicity. Polymeric micelles and polymersomes are nanostructures that are promising drug carriers, while dendrimeric structures are considered as real nanoparticulate systems that are used in drug delivery and as nonviral vectors as well as in prevention of serious infections leading to diseases.
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Thermo- and pH-responsive liposomes are innovative nanotechnological platforms for drug delivery and targeting.
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Their membrane biophysics and thermodynamic properties reflect to the creation of metastable phases that affect their functionality and physicochemical behavior. Liposomes are nanocolloidal lyotropic liquid crystals that are able to deliver bioactive molecules. This chapter describes the most famous nanotechnological drug delivery systems that are already used in clinical practice and clinical evaluation or in academic research. Lipidic nanoparticulate self-assembled structures are effective carriers for drug delivery.